Defines theoretical way of manipulating table contents using relational operators

Use of relational algebra operators on existing relations produces new relations

• UNION INTERSECT
• DIFFERENCE PRODUCT
• SELECT PROJECT JOIN DIVIDE

• UNION: combines all rows from two tables, keeping out duplicate rows.
• INTERECT: yields only the rows that appear in both tables.
• DIFFERENCE: yields all rows in one table that are not found in other table.
• PRODUCT: yields all possible pairs of rows from two tables.
• SELECT (RESTRICT): yields values for all rows found in a table that satisfy a given condition.
• PROJECT: yields all value for selected attributes.
• JOIN: allows information to be combined from two or more tables.
• Natural join: links tables by selecting only the rows with common values in their common attributes.
• Left outer join: yields all of the rows in a table, including rows with now matching values from other table.
• DIVIDE: uses one single column as the divisor and one 2 column as the dividend.

Written by: Mohammed Alaslani

Written by : Mohammed Alaslani

Written by : Mohammed Alaslani

First of all we must use this syntax :

CREATE TABLE (TABLE_NAME)

(

Then after the (

You an declare any attribute you want

So for example lets create the student table:

CREATE TABLE STUDENT

(

STUDENT_NAME VARHAR2(25),

STUDENT_NUMBER NUMBER(10);

)

This the result we will have:

Now let say we want to add value for that table

so we must use this syntax

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES (‘Mohammed Alaslani’ , 12982831);

This the final result will be for the student table

* The values are example from me you an use whatever you want but the same type you have delared.

Written by: Mohammed Alaslani

1NF

2NF

3NF

and the others are :

BCNF AND 4NF

second normal form is better than first normal form , and third normal form is better than second normal form.

So if you have bigger normal form it is better than less normal form.

i have created a table using Microsoft word , shows how to get 1NF, 2NF , 3NF:

Written by: Mohammed Alaslani

An example of cursor

DECLARE

CURSOR student_cur IS

SELECT student_name, student_id FROM student;

– declare record variable that represents a row fetched from the studentt table

student_rec student_cur%ROWTYPE;

BEGIN

– open the explicit cursor and use it to fetch data into student_rec

OPEN student_cur;

LOOP

FETCH student_cur INTO student_rec;

EXIT WHEN student_cur%NOTFOUND;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(student_rec.student_name || ‘ , ‘ ||   student_rec.student_id);

END LOOP;

END;

Written by: Mohammed Alaslani

First of all you have to use the server output on so it can show you the result of your Anonymous Block .

Secondly you can declare any variable you want to use , and then begin work on it , you can use loops if want to , it is up to you what do you want with this Anonymous Block .

And finally you have to close everythig by using the keyword END;

This a simple example of Anonymous Block PL SQL that will print (Hello World).

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON

DECLARE

TXT VARCHAR2(20) = ‘Hello World’;

BEGIN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TXT);

END;

The result will be = Hello World

Written by : Mohammed Alaslani

The database design process is comprised of the next six steps:

Requirements collection and analysis:

The first step in designing a database is to choose what type of data require to be stored in the database, and what applications must be built on top of it, and what operations are most common and subject to presentation requirements.

Conceptual database design:

The aim is to create a simple explanation of the data that very much matches how users and developers imagine of the data.

Choosing a DBMS :

The Purpose of this step is to establish which the best framework for implementing the produced schema is. For example, type of DBMS (relational, network, deductive …). Or, what types of query languages.

Data model mapping(data model mapping) :

That is to alter the generic, DBMS independent conceptual schema in the data model of the selected DBMS.

Physical database design :

To decide the specific storage structures and access paths for the database files.

Database system implementation :

Database system implementation, consists of inflowing data and maintaining the DBMS

In order to have a good database design , usually those six steps must be considered on the design.

Written by: Mohammed Alaslani

PL/SQL is one of three key programming languages entrenched in the Oracle Database, along with SQL itself and Java.

PL/SQL chains variables, conditions, loops and exceptions. Arrays are also supported, however in a somewhat strange way, involving the use of PL/SQL collections.

This is an example of simple Syntax of PL/SQL

The next picture shows how PL/SQL Runs

PL/SQL Program Blocks :

Header section : No header section for anonymous block

Declaration section : Optional

Execution section : Required

Exception section : Optional

Comment Statements : Using one of two ways — or Enclosed within /* and */

Written by :Mohammed Alaslani

References : Lecture slides and Wikipedia .